The Famous Headmaster of Rugby
“Thomas Arnold, headmaster of the Rugby school and founder of modern public school system saw team sport like cricket and rugby not just outdoor play, but an organized way of teaching English boys the discipline, the importance of hierarchy, the skills, the codes of honour and leadership qualities that helped them build and run British empire.” ( Textbook in History for IX)
Thomas Arnold
Thomas Arnold (1795-1842), Mathew Arnold's father, served as headmaster of Rugby School from 1828 until 1841. During his superintendence Rugby attained a widespread reputation as a place of intellectual, moral, and religious discipline, where healthy characters were formed, and young men were trained for the duties, struggles, and responsibilities of life.
He was convinced of the necessity for reform. It was important to teach boys something more than the bleak rigidities of the ancient tongues; but how much more important to instill into them the elements of character and the principles of conduct! His great object, throughout his career at Rugby, was, as he repeatedly said, to "What we must look for here is, first, religious and moral principle; secondly, gentlemanly conduct; thirdly, intellectual ability."
Rugby School
Arnold took much broader view of the objects of education realized that the great end and aim of education was to build character; learning was only a subservient. In the public school system at Rugby he found an instrument which was capable of serving his ends. He, however, did not attempt to revolutionize but accepted the system as whole, rejecting some parts and developing others with the object of creating conditions under which a boy’s character could grow on right lines. Like any other reformer he faced stiff resistance from the trustees and there were moments which could have occasioned his resignation.
He allowed liberty to the boys but with caution that freedom given to them must be exercised for good. He sacked many boys from school who had misappropriated their liberty. He brought about changes in the status of masters and warranted their undivided interest in their duty. He raised school fees to increase salaries of the teachers.
Arnold laboured strenuously to make direct religious teaching effective for stimulating in them quality of moral thoughtfulness which he valued so much. He was inflexible in what he thought was right. He could succeed with the better support of boys who could not resist influence of a man so transparently sincere, a man who was afraid of nobody.
The game of Rugby owes its name to the school. The story has been known to be a myth since it was first investigated by the Rugbeian Society in 1895. There were no standard rules for football during Webb Ellis's time at Rugby (1816–1825) and most varieties involved carrying the ball (a forerunner of what is currently known as "American Football"). The games played at Rugby were organized by the students and not the masters, the rules of the game played at Rugby and elsewhere were a matter of custom and were not written down.
Former pupils of Rugby include Lord King and Lord Lang (ex-MPs); A N Wilson and Salman Rushdie (novelists);
Marmaduke Hussey (former Chairman of BBC Governors); David Croft (TV scriptwriter); Sir Ewen Fergusson (former UK Ambassador, Paris); Robert Hardy, Francesca Hunt (actors); Sir Campbell Adamson (former Director of the CBI); Chris Brasher; Zia Mahmood (World Bridge Champion); Andrew Rawnsley, Richard Addis, Tim Butcher and Isabel Wolff (journalists); Alison Campbell (1st female RAF fast jet pilot).
In 1841, one year before his death, he was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, a place he really deserved.
Monday, December 31, 2007
Fatal Beauty
Karmen Horvat and Antonija Zbiljski
Plants seduce us with their beauty and scents, we ornament gardens and spaces we live in with them, but sometimes they should be enjoyed from afar with visual perception because any intimate socialization might be fatal. Take a look at a preview of poisonous plants you can find in parks, as well as your own garden or plot.
Daffodil is a spring flower that originates from Europe, North Africa and Asia. Still, some experts claim the flower actually comes from China and that it arrived in Europe via traders who travelled the Silk Road.
Daffodil
There are several types of daffodils that bloom in the autumn. Daffodils include 26 wild and several hundreds of cultivated species. Daffodil petals can be white or yellow. The plant is popular and often decorates gardens because it is easily grown. Its truffle is poisonous; especially since it is not a rare occurrence for people to mistaken it for regular onions. Consuming the bulb, you will experience cramps, dizziness, vomiting and diarrhea.
Oleander is one of the most poisonous plants around. It contains a large number of toxic chemical compounds that can be lethal for children, as well as adults. The plant is native to Mediterranean areas like evergreen shrubs, but is a common ornament of many gardens and plots due to the beauty of its flowers.
Oleander
Small dosages of oleander poison proved to be sufficient to have fatal consequences. The plant is famous for having poisonous compounds even after it is dried out. Figures from 2002 show 847 oleander poisonings in the USA. The plant is often used for suicide. Even accidental breathing in fumes of a burning oleander bush can be lethal. Most common symptoms of poisoning are changes in heart beat pace.
Lily of the valley is a beautiful white plant of intense scent, often planted in gardens as an ornament, while it is native to lighter deciduous forests. Lily of the valley’s flowers are poisonous because they contain heterozoids, which effect heart beat.
Lily of the valley
The poison causes nausea, dizziness, vomiting, pain in the mouth, stomach-ache, diarrhoea and cramps. Lily of the valley has red fruits that mature in September and are also poisonous. If you have this flower of stunning scent in your garden, make sure small children are not poisoned by it and it is necessary to wash hands after touching its flower, stem or root.
Hydrangea is a genus that includes 75 types of shrubbery plants and is native to south and East Asia, as well as North and South America. These shrubs are most often planted next to house walls or lawns. Even though hydrangea flowers look like large sweets, they are poisonous and cause stomach-ache, sweating, weakness and vomiting. Cases of hydrangea poisoning with people ending in a coma have been recorded.
Chrysanthemum is a genus or about 30 species native to Asia. It was first cultivated by the Chinese in the 15th ct B.C. and the flowers were introduced to Japan in the 8th century A.D. when the emperor took them as his official seal. There is a “Festival of Happiness” in Japan that celebrates the flower.
Chrysanthemum
It arrived in Europe in the 17th century. A garden that contains chrysanthemums will not be visited by rabbits, but they can cause rash and swelling.
Plants seduce us with their beauty and scents, we ornament gardens and spaces we live in with them, but sometimes they should be enjoyed from afar with visual perception because any intimate socialization might be fatal. Take a look at a preview of poisonous plants you can find in parks, as well as your own garden or plot.
Daffodil is a spring flower that originates from Europe, North Africa and Asia. Still, some experts claim the flower actually comes from China and that it arrived in Europe via traders who travelled the Silk Road.
Daffodil
There are several types of daffodils that bloom in the autumn. Daffodils include 26 wild and several hundreds of cultivated species. Daffodil petals can be white or yellow. The plant is popular and often decorates gardens because it is easily grown. Its truffle is poisonous; especially since it is not a rare occurrence for people to mistaken it for regular onions. Consuming the bulb, you will experience cramps, dizziness, vomiting and diarrhea.
Oleander is one of the most poisonous plants around. It contains a large number of toxic chemical compounds that can be lethal for children, as well as adults. The plant is native to Mediterranean areas like evergreen shrubs, but is a common ornament of many gardens and plots due to the beauty of its flowers.
Oleander
Small dosages of oleander poison proved to be sufficient to have fatal consequences. The plant is famous for having poisonous compounds even after it is dried out. Figures from 2002 show 847 oleander poisonings in the USA. The plant is often used for suicide. Even accidental breathing in fumes of a burning oleander bush can be lethal. Most common symptoms of poisoning are changes in heart beat pace.
Lily of the valley is a beautiful white plant of intense scent, often planted in gardens as an ornament, while it is native to lighter deciduous forests. Lily of the valley’s flowers are poisonous because they contain heterozoids, which effect heart beat.
Lily of the valley
The poison causes nausea, dizziness, vomiting, pain in the mouth, stomach-ache, diarrhoea and cramps. Lily of the valley has red fruits that mature in September and are also poisonous. If you have this flower of stunning scent in your garden, make sure small children are not poisoned by it and it is necessary to wash hands after touching its flower, stem or root.
Hydrangea is a genus that includes 75 types of shrubbery plants and is native to south and East Asia, as well as North and South America. These shrubs are most often planted next to house walls or lawns. Even though hydrangea flowers look like large sweets, they are poisonous and cause stomach-ache, sweating, weakness and vomiting. Cases of hydrangea poisoning with people ending in a coma have been recorded.
Chrysanthemum is a genus or about 30 species native to Asia. It was first cultivated by the Chinese in the 15th ct B.C. and the flowers were introduced to Japan in the 8th century A.D. when the emperor took them as his official seal. There is a “Festival of Happiness” in Japan that celebrates the flower.
Chrysanthemum
It arrived in Europe in the 17th century. A garden that contains chrysanthemums will not be visited by rabbits, but they can cause rash and swelling.
Indians Excel in Hell
Indians Excel in Hell
A man dies and goes to hell. There he finds that there is a different hell for each country.He goes to the German hell and asks, "What do they do here?" He told, "First they put you in an electric chair for An hour. Then they lay you on a bed of nails for another hour. Then The German devil comes in and whips you for the rest of the day."
The man does not like the sound of that at all,so he moves on. He checks out the USA hell as well as the Russian hell and many more. He discovers that they are all more or less the same as the German hell.Then he comes to the Indian hell and finds that there is a long line of people waiting to get in.Amazed, he asks, "What do they do here?" He told, "First they put you in an electric chair for an hour. Then they lay you on a bed of nails for another hour. Then the Indian devil comes in and whips you for the rest of the day."
"But that is exactly the same as all the other hells - why are there so many people waiting to get in?" "Because maintenance is so bad that the electric chair does not work,someone has stolen all the nails from the bed, and the devil is a former Govt servant, so he comes in, signs the register and then goes to the canteen!!!!!!
Contributed by: Ngwang dorje
A man dies and goes to hell. There he finds that there is a different hell for each country.He goes to the German hell and asks, "What do they do here?" He told, "First they put you in an electric chair for An hour. Then they lay you on a bed of nails for another hour. Then The German devil comes in and whips you for the rest of the day."
The man does not like the sound of that at all,so he moves on. He checks out the USA hell as well as the Russian hell and many more. He discovers that they are all more or less the same as the German hell.Then he comes to the Indian hell and finds that there is a long line of people waiting to get in.Amazed, he asks, "What do they do here?" He told, "First they put you in an electric chair for an hour. Then they lay you on a bed of nails for another hour. Then the Indian devil comes in and whips you for the rest of the day."
"But that is exactly the same as all the other hells - why are there so many people waiting to get in?" "Because maintenance is so bad that the electric chair does not work,someone has stolen all the nails from the bed, and the devil is a former Govt servant, so he comes in, signs the register and then goes to the canteen!!!!!!
Contributed by: Ngwang dorje
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